Direct Solicitation and Making the Case( Narrative) Essay

Direct Solicitation and Making the Case( Narrative) - Essay Example Each night 20 to 25 volunteers help in serving the meals. The Cathedral Kitchen runs the Culinary Arts Training (CAT) Program. The 17-week program seeks to impart knowledge and develop high-quality culinary skills in learners (The Cathedral Kitchen ). Each year, the program enrolls forty students all of whom are trained free-of-charge: the Kitchen meets the costs of their textbooks, meals and uniforms. In addition, the Kitchen assists the students with job placements at no cost. This paper seeks to raise $270,200 to help increase the intake into the CAT program from the current forty to eighty. The paper explains how this amount is going to be raised by each of two methods of solicitation: email and traditional mail solicitation. This phase of our funds drive targets the business community in Camden City. Indeed, the business community has stood by the Cathedral Kitchen since its inception in 1976(The Cathedral Kitchen). The City’s small and medium enterprises and large corporations alike have continually supported us by making donations in both cash and kind. Therefore, we are once more counting on their unceasing generous support to help us raise the initial $270,200 we need to double our intake from the current forty to eighty students. In recent years, the Cathedral Kitchen has been receiving an ever growing number of applications for the CAT program. However, given the limited capacity of the program, many qualified candidates have been turned down. Hence, the need to expand the program. Even though by doubling our intake we still may not be able to take in everyone, we believe the move is a step in the right direction. Most of our students are drawn from some of the poorest families in Camden Ci ty and elsewhere in the state of New Jersey. Therefore, by keeping a student in the CAT program, one is transforming an entire family. Our graduates are employed and serve in the

Ancient Egyptian Art & Architecture Essay Example for Free

Ancient Egyptian Art Architecture Essay Due to the scarcity of wood the two predominant building materials used in ancient Egypt were sun-baked mud bricks and stone, mainly limestone but also sandstone and granite in considerable quantities. From the Old Kingdom onward, stone was generally reserved for tombs and temples, while bricks were used even for royal palaces, fortresses, the walls of temple precincts and towns, and for subsidiary buildings in temple complexes. The core of the pyramids came from stone quarried in the area already while the limestone, now eroded away, that was used to face the pyramids came from the other side of the Nile River and had to be quarried, ferried across, and cut during the dry season before they could be pulled into place on the pyramid. Ancient Egyptian houses were made out of mud collected from the Nile river. It was placed in molds and left to dry in the hot sun to harden for use in construction. Many Egyptian towns have disappeared because they were situated near the cultivated area of the Nile Valley and were flooded as the river bed slowly rose during the millennia, or the mud bricks of which they were built were used by peasants as fertilizer. Others are inaccessible (unapproachable), new buildings having been erected on ancient ones. Fortunately, the dry, hot climate of Egypt preserved some mud brick structures. Examples include the village Deir al-Madinah, the Middle Kingdom town at Kahun, and the fortresses at Buhen and Mirgissa. Also, many temples and tombs have survived because they were built on high ground unaffected by the Nile flood and were constructed of stone. Thus, our understanding of ancient Egyptian architecture is based mainly on religious monuments, massive structures characterized by thick, sloping walls with few openings, possibly echoing a method of construction used to obtain stability in mud walls. In a similar manner, the incised and flatly modeled surface adornment (decoration) of the stone buildings may have derived from mud wall ornamentation. Although the use of the arch was developed during the fourth dynasty, all monumental buildings are post and lintel constructions, with flat roofs constructed of huge stone blocks supported by the external walls and the closely spaced columns. Exterior and interior walls, as well as the columns and piers (landing place) were covered with hieroglyphic and pictorial (symbolic) frescoes and carvings painted in brilliant colors. Many motifs (design) of Egyptian ornamentation are symbolic, such as the scarab or sacred beetle, the solar disk and the vulture. Other common motifs include palm leaves, the papyrus plant, and the buds and flowers of the lotus. Hieroglyphs were inscribed for decorative purposes as well as to record historic events or spells. In addition, these pictorial frescoes and carvings allow us to understand how the Ancient Egyptians lived, statuses, wars that were fought and their beliefs. This was especially true when exploring the tombs of Ancient Egyptian officials in recent years. Ancient Egyptian temples were aligned with astronomically significant events, such as solstices and equinoxes, requiring precise (accurate) measurements at the moment of the particular event. Measurements at the most significant temples may have been ceremonially undertaken by the Pharaoh himself. Art Forms: Ancient Egyptian art forms are characterized by regularity and detailed depiction of gods, human beings, heroic battles, and nature, and were intended to provide solace to the deceased in the afterlife. Egyptian art in all forms obeyed one law: the mode of representing Pharaohs, gods, man, nature and the environment. Ancient Egyptian art displays an extraordinarily vivid representation of the Ancient Egyptians socioeconomic status and belief systems. Architecture: Ancient Egyptian architects used sun-dried and kiln-baked bricks, fine sandstone, limestone and granite. Hieroglyphic and pictorial carvings in brilliant colors were abundantly used to decorate Egyptian structures. Papyrus: Papyrus is a plant. Papyrus was used by ancient Egyptians for writing and painting. Papyrus texts illustrate all dimensions of ancient Egyptian life and include literary, religious, historical and administrative documents. Pottery: Ancient Egyptians used steatite (some varieties were called soapstone). Different types of pottery items were deposited in tombs of the dead. Some such pottery items represented interior parts of the body, like the lungs, the liver and smaller intestines, which were removed before embalming (the art and science of temporarily preserving human remains). Sculpture: The ancient art of Egyptian sculpture evolved to represent the ancient Egyptian gods, Pharaohs, and the kings and queens, in physical form. Very strict conventions were followed while crafting statues: male statues were darker than the female ones; in seated statues, hands were required to be placed on knees and specific rules governed appearance of every Egyptian god. Egyptian Art Ancient Egyptian art is the painting, sculpture, architecture and other arts produced by the civilization in the lower Nile Valley from 5000 BC to 300 AD. Ancient Egyptian art reached a high level in painting and sculpture, and was both highly stylized and symbolic. Much of the surviving art comes from tombs and monuments and thus there is an emphasis on life after death and the preservation of knowledge of the past. The quality of observation and execution started at a high level and remained near that level throughout the 2nd and 3rd dynasty. Paintings: Egyptian painting is said to be one of the most unique and mysterious attributes of Egypt. Egyptian painting is not oil-based or fresco-based, it is tempura-based. All Egyptian reliefs were painted on a flat surface. Pigments were mostly mineral, chosen to withstand strong sunlight without fading. The binding medium used in painting remains unclear. After painting, a varnish or resin was usually applied as a protective coating. The paintings were often made with the intent of making a pleasant afterlife for the deceased. Some tomb paintings show activities that the deceased were involved in when they were alive and wished to carry on doing for eternity. Egyptian paintings are painted in such a way to show a profile view and a side view of the animal or person. Periods in Art: The Ancient Egyptian art style is known as Amarna art. It was characterized by a sense of movement and activity in images. Also, the human body is portrayed differently in Amarna style artwork than Egyptian art on the whole. Faces are still shown exclusively in profile.

Burton Snowboards Business Analysis Essay -- Business Marketing Analyz

Burton Snowboards Business Analysis Burton Snowboards takes surfing to the mountains, with premium snowboards and equipment. Jake Burton, the world’s first snowboard maker, founded the company in 1977 in Londonberry, Vermont. Despite it being small and privately owned, Burton is the industry leader in snowboards and equipment controlling 40% total market share in the winter sports industry. Burton is a global business with its main headquarters in Vermont, Japan and Austria and worldwide distribution capabilities in over 35 countries. Burton Snowboards operates three factory outlet stores in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Austria. To create buzz marketing, Burton encourages newbie’s to experience the slopes with its Learn To Ride (LTR) line of equipment and programs at ski resorts nationally. In the past few years, Burton has started independent companies, which have their own individual identities and products. Burton has also created one of the most extensive online shopping experiences for its clientele. (www.burton.com) Strengths   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Burton attributed to the development of the sport of snowboarding, as it was the first and oldest manufacturer. The company has a loyal customer base and an established retail distribution channel. Burton provides customers with an interactive online website. In order to provide help to mountain resorts to attract and retain snowboarders, Burton’s primary customer base, they have created integral relationships with resorts by providin...

Despite several attempts to regulate campaign finance, money increasingly dominates the US electoral process

In recent years the increase in money poured into US elections has created a seemingly money dominated election with some arguing success relies on the highest level of campaign funding. As a result of the Watergate scandal The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974 attempted to make a number of significant changes. However with the increased regulations there have been increased loopholes and many ways to get around these regulations, many donating large sums of money argue they are not the most important part of the campaign and the significance still lies with the Candidates strength and skills. But as the 2008 and 2012 hugely exceeded the expenditure of any previous election it is clearly to see money is playing an increasingly significant role. FECA of 1974 aimed to reduce candidates’ reliance on few wealthy donors and equalise money spent by the major parties. This law was however weakened by the Supreme #Court in the Buckley v Valeo ruling that limitations on what individuals or PACs could spend infringed the 1st amendment. In a similar case the 2010 Citizens united v FEC decision restrictions on corporations was removed leading to Super PACs. These played a significant role in the fundraising and spending in the 2012 presidential election. Supporters see them as a positive consequence of free speech, however many see that they are yet another outlet for unlimited money in electoral politics. It is evident to see that money is the arguably the most significant part of the election process due. Barack Obama has taken part is the two most expensive elections, with 1. 1 billion being raised by Obama in 2012, raising more than Romney and subsequently won the presidential election. The increasing importance of finance has been shown by Obama’s actions in 2008, when he rejected federal funding in order to avoid restrictions on his spending, aware of the advantage of large fundraising support. Indeed in 2012, neither Romney nor Obama took matching funds and neither did any of Romney’s rivals in the Republican primaries suggesting an end to the era of matching funds. Campaign finance has not been sufficiently regulated; this is partly why it is increasingly dominate in the electoral process. As the campaign increases in length, and the apparent non-stop campaigning of US politics, with the invisible primaries, primaries and mid-term elections it is increasingly essential that candidates receive financial support and the need for bigger and earlier funds to compete in all rounds of the election process. The need to campaign through increasingly expensive TV adverts is ever the more important, as these target a large audience and can be very effective in building up own support or knocking an oppositions support. Money is also the most important factor due to the diversity and size of the American electorate. Many interests need to be targeted and this relies on different angles of campaigning with different emphasises on differing policies for individual groups of the electorate. For example Obama in 2012 gained a significant proportion of Latin voters – a +44% advantage over Romney – and targeted these voters with information about immigration. The need to reach out to such a large demographic of voters further puts strains on the costing of elections. Many states require visits and this insures great travel costs for each of the candidates as they go on election tours and rallys. Obama in 2012 visited 4 states in one day in November – New Hampshire, Florida, Ohio and Colorado. As the elections become ever closer swing states also play a higher significance and winning these states have a higher impact on the outcome of the election, visiting these is of primary importance and more money in advertising is require for these states due to the difference undecided voters can make. As the campaign extends and increases more political advisers are typically hired by candidates, Romney in 2012 had 24 Foreign Policy advisors working with him throughout the campaign. However, although money plays a part in the campaign, especially from an administrative point of view it is not the main deciding factor in a candidate’s success. Despite the spending of Bush in 2004 he would have most likely won despite this funding, and Romney is 2008 was the highest spender in the Republican primaries but was not the eventual winner. The use of the free media by candidates is limited and this requires to be bought supporting the argument of the significance of finance, however commercials can backfire and if the candidate is not a strong candidate with wide support this can cost them an election e. g. Bush and Willie Horton. The influence adverts has shown a higher significance media has rather than money being most dominant. This can be supported by the Presidential TV debates, where verbal errors can be costly and have proved difficult for many candidates for example Mondale in 1984. Elections can be won or loss due to the outcome of these debates, debates often do more to confirm what voters already feel about candidates and can challenge and influence de-aligned voters and can convert passive audiences. However the significance of these can be questioned, very few debates have been controversial or change the course of election events out of 30 debates that have taken place. Media today allows for 24hr news on cable and network TV. Radio, websites, social media and smart phones also play an increasingly role with many crediting Obama’s success among younger voters to the influence of social media. The media set the agenda, amplify debate and frame debates and messages. The role of policy and a candidate’s personal strengths can be said to play the most significant part. Opinions on key issues such as the economy in 2012, views and actions to tackle these key issues are likely to change voters’ minds and capture undecided voters. For example the swing voters play a large impact on deciding who wins an election, many in 2012 believe Obama’s ‘Latin vote advantage’ won him the election over Mitt Romney, and in a Reuters poll 61% of mothers felt the country was on the wrong track favouring their vote against the incumbent president. In conclusion, money does not guarantee electoral success but it is increasingly difficult to win without large funds due to the financial demands of the elongated campaigns and reliance on advertising. It is capturing the vote of most Americans that is most essential and significant in the election, and although this can be easier done with financial backing, finance does not necessarily affect people’s opinions presidential candidates and key issues. But as elections get increasingly expensive the dominance of money may lead to a situation whereby only wealthy candidates are able to mount a successful attempt at winning the presidential election.

Use of drugs among teenagers in the United States

Interesting trends regarding the use of drugs among teenagers in the United States have begun to be revealed through the work of various researchers. While in some key areas, the use of drugs has declined, in other areas increases have been found to exist in teenagers’ use of drugs. Such areas in which such trends have been detected include use of particular types of drugs, the availability of these to the students, and the demographic that is exposed to the drugs. Such substances as methamphetamine, marijuana, and prescription medication are drugs that have seen either increases or decreases in their general trends, and differences are being studied and detected in the genders’ response to these substances. This essay will define such trends and attempt to give gender-based reasons why these have occurred.The use of methamphetamine among students has demonstrated a decrease between 2005 and 2006. Usage by tenth grade students has decreased over the year I. The decline rate among females has been from 3 to 2 percentII. The decline rate among males has been from 2.6 percent to 1.7 percentUsage by twelfth grade students has decreased over the year I. The decline rate among females is unsure but is suspected to be roughly the same as for malesII.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The decline rate among males has been from 9 percent to 7.4 percentThe use of marijuana among students has demonstrated a decrease between the years 2005 and 2006. Usage by tenth grade students has decreased over the year I. The decline rate for lifetime users was 2.3%II. The decline rate in the availability of the drug is 1.9%Usage by twelfth grade students has decreased over the year I. It has been the trend for females to use less marijuana than malesII.The decline rate among females is unsure, but is suspected to be greater than that of malesIII.The decline rate among males has been from 9% to 7.4%The use of other drugs among students has demonstrated an increase between 2002 and 2006 . Usage of MDMA (ecstasy) by females students has increased over the year I.         Use has gone up from 2.7 percent to 4.0 percent.II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This represents an increase of 1.3 percentUsage of all illicit drugs (apart from marijuana) by males is shown to be above that of females Usage of all illicit drugs (apart from marijuana) by males is shown to be on the decline. The use of drugs among males and females is influenced by different gender-based situations. Men are more likely to have opportunities to use drugs than women Men are more likely than women to abuse drugs such as marijuana and alcohol Women are more likely to become addicted to sedatives I. Women take more time to report drug dependenceII. Women often use drugs in response to depression or eating disorders.Men and women differ in the effect that drug use has on their life choices I.  Men are less likely to be drop out of high school as a result of drug use.II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Women are more li kely to drop out of high school as a result of drug use.III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drug use in both sexes affects future regarding job qualifications and outcomes.Works CitedBustos, Jennifer. â€Å"Gender Differences in Drug Use.† St. Martin’s University. Lacey, WA.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://homepages.stmartin.edu/students/jennifer.bustos/256,1,Gender Differences in Drug   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   UseLattimer, W. W., L. J. Floyd, M. Vasquez, M. O’Brien, A, Arzola and N. Rivera. â€Å"Substance Use   Ã‚   Among School-based Youths in Puerto Rico: Difference between Gender and Grade   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Levels.† Addictive Behavior. Vol. 29. No. 8. 2004. pp.1689-64.Lynch, Wendy J., Megan E. Roth and Marilyn E. Carroll. â€Å"Biological Basis of Sex Difference in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drug Abuse: Pre-Clinical and Clinical Studies.† Psychopharmacology. Vol. 164: 121-   137, 2002.Naylor, Adam., Doug Ga rdner and Len Zaichowsky. â€Å"Drug Use Patterns Among High School   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Athletes and Nonathletes – Statistical Data Included.† Adolescence. Winter, 2001.NIDA. â€Å"Gender Differences in Drug Abuse Risks and Treatments.† The National Institute on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drug Abuse. Vol. 15. 4, 2000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol15N4/tearoff.htmlNIDA. â€Å"High School and Youth Trends: NIDA Infofacts.† The National Institute on Drug    Abuse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2006.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.nida.nih.gov/pdf/infofacts/HSYouthTrends07.pdfRassino, Brian E., Sheila C. Ribordy, Kathryn Grant, Joseph R. Ferrari, Blake S. Bowden, and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jennifer Zeisz. â€Å"Gender-Related Processes and Drug Use: Self-Expression with Parents,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Peer Group S election, and Achievement Motivation.† Adolescence. Spring, 2004.Ringel, J., R. L. Collins and P. L. Ellickson. â€Å"High School Drug Use Predicts Job-Related   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Outcomes at Age 29.† Addictive Behaviors. Vol. 32. No. 3, 2006. pp. 576-589.

Psychology of a Cult

Psychology of a Cult Free Online Research Papers Jim Jones, Charlie Manson, David Koresh and Marshall Applewhite all were able to convince their followers to kill others and/or themselves. How were these men able to control full grown adults who had fully functioning minds? It wasn’t as hard as you might think. First look at the definition of a cult: a cult is a structured group in which most of its members have unquestioned loyalty to their leader. By this definition the military has cult like characteristics, so does the Catholic Church. Even organizations like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) demonstrate some cult like characteristics. So why, when we think of a cult don’t we think of these organizations? A solider will follow his/her superior’s orders without a second thought and a good Catholic follows whatever the Pope decides. The key difference is the psychology of the organization. A non-cult organization may have cult like characteristics; however its main focus is outward, the well being of its members and even non-members; a cult’s main focus is itself. In addition, cults use deception to entice members to join and coercive influences to keep them in line. Government officials estimate that there are currently over 3,000 destructive cults in the US today with approximately four million members. These cults can be broken down into four basic categories: Religious organizations like The People’s Temple Psychological organizations offering enlightenment such as Heavens Gate or Scientology. Commercial pyramid and multi-level marketing groups like Amway or Mary Kay (These are typically the least destructive) Political organizations that are organized around dogma like Al Qaeda Why so many? According to psychologist and cult expert, Margaret Thaler Singer, cults thrive in times of political and social unrest. Times like now and in the 1960’s. Many people don’t understand how cult members can carry out such extreme acts of violence or socially abnormal behavior. They wonder if the members are psychological ill. The answer to that question would be yes and no. Cult leaders seek out members who are not psychologically ill, but people who are in crisis. Recruiters single out people who have key situational elements. Examples of these elements would be a young adult experiencing extreme loneliness, a man suffering from adjustment disorder stemming from his divorce, or new college graduates who are at a crossroads in his/her life and unsure what direction to turn. Recruiters are trained to listen and appear sympathetic and to offer assurances that their group can help ease the individual’s plight. Once inducted recruits may suffer psychological disorders such as dissociative identity disorder, adjustment disorder and major depression. These disorders, coupled with influential tactics that are used by cult leaders, can make members pliable to leaders’ demands. Studies show that cult leaders use about thirty influence tactics. Some of these tactics are used to attract members and another set is used to keep members under control. Influence tactics used to keep members under control are designed to target their psychological defenses. Some of these tactics are used by the military. One of these tactics is called â€Å"The Hot Seat Technique.† An example of this technique would be a member called out by the leader in front of the entire group. This member is forced to confess their transgressions in public. The leader then berates the member for their transgressions and once they have been humiliated the leader then offers a loving commendation for the member’s honesty and gives the member encouragement that they can keep believing in the leader’s message. The purpose of this technique is to lower self esteem. By keeping self esteem low, it has been proven that people are more persuadable than when they have high to moderate self-esteem. So, by keeping members minds pliable and working off the psychological studies which show that in times of crisis people will react uniformly rather than individually the leaders will be able to, with some certainty, ensure that the members will follow orders without question. It’s the same principle that the military uses to ensure that a solider will follow orders without question. And how do you know if someone may be under a cult’s influence? There are nine tell tale symptoms to be watchful for: Personality Change Dramatic shift in beliefs Diet changes Refusal to attend family functions such as weddings, graduations, ECT. Inability to make decisions without input of the groups leader Sudden and excessive use of ideology Simplistic reasoning Using complex vocabulary Attempted recruitment of you If someone you know is exhibiting these symptoms help is available. There are community resources available to help the psychological recovery of former cult members. You may also want to contact your local division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for further information on suspected cult activity. And remember that the next time you rush to judgment about the actions of a cult’s members, keep in mind that everyone can be susceptible given the right set of circumstances. References: www.workingpsychology.com/cult.html, Rhodes, Kelton Phd. Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology, www.gale.com Research Papers on Psychology of a CultThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseQuebec and CanadaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBringing Democracy to AfricaThree Concepts of PsychodynamicAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

buy custom Buy Custom OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Essay Sample

buy custom Buy Custom OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Essay Sample Operations Management Operations management is a transformational process of such inputs as resources, labor force, and energy into outputs. This sphere of management is essential for any organization, especially for the ones that operate at a global level. The main components of operational management involve: business planning, capacity management, scheduling, corporate strategy and strategic management. It is highly important for any organization to develop vision and mission that would comply with operation management tactics to be able to compete with other global organizations. Before the emergence of the operation management theory, organization focused more on enhancing labor force and increasing workers productivity. However, the ignorance of managing human resources and excess focus on task accomplishment did not provide significant results. Thus, the evolution of the production system has given a rise to enterprise resource planning and operations management. The final outcomes of this development included the necessity to meet clients demand and deliver high-quality goods and services. Further analysis of operations management refers to the definition and components. Specifically, the researchers define the area as the one that contributes to the companys greater flexibility and readiness to changes. Capacity management is also essential for managing external challenges, such as rigid competition in the global market place. As per business planning, the emphasis has been placed on the development of new solutions to adjusting resources flow to such elements as geographic location, time, and terms of delivery. The best practices in operations management are represented through such famous companies as American Express and Ford Company. These global producers of goods and services attain much importance to the quality of goods through the organization of supply chain management. With regards to these examples, operations management plays an important role in sustaining a competitive advantage. This is of particular concern to cultural, political, and social dimensions.

ON THE IMPORTANCE OF ENTERING CONTESTS

ON THE IMPORTANCE OF ENTERING CONTESTS Entering contests is an important component of any working writer’s outreach and promotions plan. Although it may seem that winning a contest is a long shot, that’s not necessarily true. Most contests (but not all) charge an entry fee, so the cost of entering should be weighed. Pick and choose carefully and be sure to match your entry to the focus and intent of the contest. I have entered my work in contests for years and have rarely won. Rarely is not the same as never. One of the few contests I won was a big one. My novel Memories from Cherry Harvest won the Frances Fabri Literary Prize. The award was a standard publishing contract with Counterpoint Press, a generous advance, and a dedicated marketing budget. There was no entry fee for this contest. The Fabri Prize Selection Committee is comprised of Matt McKay at New Harbinger Books, his wife Jude, and Tom Southern at Boaz Publishing. (More information about the Fabri Prize is available at the Boaz website.) Memories from Cherry Harvest appeared in print in June 2012. I spent about 20 years working on this book and I could wallpaper my living room with the rejection notices I have received for it. I have been submitting the manuscript to agents and publishers for 10 years and have been entering it in contests steadily since 2006. My eventual success at getting it into print is a lesson in perseveranc e and it demonstrates the importance of entering contests. There are many types of writing contests. Entering contests with short essays, short fiction, and poetry is an important way to build your credentials, to get your name out into the world, and to contribute to your platform as a recognized working writer. Remember that even if you don’t win, someone read your work, and you never know when that connection might evolve into a larger success for you in a different way than you expected. Also, consider the fact that reading tastes are subjective Memories from Cherry Harvest is not my first book in print. In 2007 I self-pubbed my children’s fantasy adventure The Call to Shakabaz under my own Woza Books imprint. I mention this because I want to point out that entering contests with Shakabaz was part of my marketing plan for the book. Whenever the book won an award, I used it as an occasion to send out press releases and email blasts and to bring the book back into the spotlight. Additionally, many contests have their own promotional mechanisms and that translates into free publicity for the winners. There’s an old Jewish joke that goes something like this:    There was once a good and pious man named Morty who was very poor. His life was difficult. One day he turned his eyes heavenward and pleaded with God, â€Å"I’m a good man, I obey all your laws, so why don’t you help me out here, maybe send some money my way; why don’t you let me win the lottery?† Thunder and lightening pierced the heavens and a booming voice replied, â€Å"Morty, I feel for you, but you gotta meet me halfway- buy a ticket.† Here’s my advice:   You have to work really, really hard to be a successful writer; but remember to buy a ticket.  

Two behavioural finance problem sets related to Temporal Discounting Assignment

Two behavioural finance problem sets related to Temporal Discounting and Bayesian Learning vs Reinforcement Learning in Financial Decision making - Assignment Example The exponential discounting graph has a positive slope due to its positivity index. This person should sign an agreement in period zero due to income effect and substitution effect. The high interest rate increases income a certain amount of time. Therefore, increase in consumption during the first and second period makes the income effect of the borrower to be negative in the period. Additionally, due to substitution effect, the gross interest rate is relative to consumption price during period zero compared to period 1 and 2 (Nielsen, 2005). Hence, it will be more expensive in the first and second period compared to period zero. As such, for a person, a rise in interest rate in the first or second period may rise or reduce the rate during period zero. Assuming that Mr. Spout has an expected payout of $1 when he invests in stock A, Mr. Spout will not choose the guaranteed stock A. Stock has an expected uncertainty of 1/3; therefore, Mr. Spout will take his chances and invest in stock B. He will not have preference between investing in either stock A or investing in stock B (Forbes, 2009). To state this in a different way, Mr. Spout will later select the investment that has a higher expected return. Mr. Spout, will invest in stock B in future, since he does not consider taking into account the investment risk in his decision. As a Bayesian learner, Mr. Spout decision will be influenced by uncertainty knowledge and the time is linked through the process of learning of the stocks. As a risk neutral investor, Mr. Spout will be indifferent between investing in stock A or in Stock B. Since he has an experience in stock A, Mr. Spout will invest in stock B. As a Bayesian investor, Mr. Spout experimented in the first period and observed the results. Therefore, he will invest in stock B due to its uncertainty element attached to the stock. He will not have preference between

The United States Move to IFRS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The United States Move to IFRS - Essay Example One positive aspect of the IFRS is it allows the management of companies to have more desertion when it comes to asset valuation, which in turn can increase company income. In fact European companies, who made the switch from the GAAP to the IFRS in 2002, reported that eighty two percent of their companies had higher income under the IFRS than under the GAAP (Briginshaw, 2008). Due to this fact most would assume that investors would be for the switch, there are some other aspects to consider, however. One aspect is that the reports of higher incomes of these European companies came from the same year. So the companies actually had the same profits and expenditures, yet the IFRS reported a higher income yield than that of the GAAP which leaves some investors wondering how accurate the IFRS reports really are. This means that a dollar profit calculated under the IFRS will hold less meaning that one calculated under the GAAP so investors will have to change there way of thinking as far as profits are concerned. Also because the IFRS reports are not quiet as current as the GAAP are they will show less association between reported earnings and stock prices. Overall this means that investors are going to have to relearn and rethink how they read the reports they are given. This knowledge will in turn, however, give them more expertise in investing in companies outside the U.S. Multinational Companies For multinational companies who have long been dealing with converging the two sets of standards, this is a long awaited change. The switch to IFRS will allow them to coordinate all of their accounting systems under one set of guidelines whether the branch is located in the U.S. or another country. This will also be of use... The United States’ Move to IFRS The United States’ Move to IFRS The world of accounting seems to be on the precipice of undergoing a dramatic change in the United States. For more than seventy years the United States accounting system has relied on a set of generally accepted accounting principles known as the GAAP. These principles set out by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), guide accountants in preparing, presenting, and reporting financial statements for various entities, including: publicly-traded and privately-held companies, non-profit organizations, and governments. They are implemented by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The globalization of business and finance has led to over twelve thousand companies in more than one hundred nations to adopt an internationally recognized set of accounting principles known as the International Financial Reporting System (IFRS) (â€Å"International Financial Reporting,† 2010). With many of the United States’ companies expan ding overseas, and foreign corporations now purchasing companies in the United States, there has been a huge push for the United States to forgo there use of the GAAP and adopt the new IFRS standards. So on August 27, 2008 the SEC set out a road map for all U.S. companies to adopt the IFRS by 2014 and some of the large companies started adopting them as early as 2009. If the SEC calls for a higher standard in the IFRS before and while adapting it, then it seems to be a win for all countries and companies involved.

Pidgins and Creoles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pidgins and Creoles - Essay Example A sentence in pidgin lacks prepositions, articles, subordinate clause and auxiliary verbs that connect the subject. Pidgin sentences are a collection of verbs, nouns and adjectives. Though the idea is communicated well, the contextual detail in the information is lost while communicating through a pidgin. Pidgins usually develop into creoles. Creoles follow grammatical rules with common rules for speakers and have a structural format for sentences. The metamorphosis from a pidgin to creoles is viewed as a natural development to the persistence of the language (Stafford). In the creole sentence, 'But how child of uncle Oom do die then', it may be noted that the tense deviates from the standard use of the verb. The phonology is poorly constructed by using the verbs incorrectly, though the message is conveyed to the listener. The word 'do' is improperly used instead of the word 'did', since the reason for death should be asked in the past tense. The poor structure of the sentence and usage of grammar may be attributed to the incapability of the speaker to use the lexis. However, the usage of then at the end of the sentence gives a clear picture to the listener that the speaker is questioning an incident. While analyzing the sentence it... Even if the speaker has used proper grammar the words in the sentence should easily interconnect itself resulting in the usage of a proper lexis (Willis p.23). In the above sentence though the message is communicated through a collection of words, it does not give a pleasing sound to the listener thus substantiating that the sentence is a creole. While evaluating the sentence, 'Yes, be one nice question, TAG. Well, I PAST be at Novar,' the correct usage of lexis gains importance. The word nice is usually used as an adjective to appreciate the quality of a behavior or material. The poor organization of words thus denotes wrong use of phonology in a pidgin. In this creole, the word nice has been used instead of the word good. The incorrect usage of tense is again found in the sentence, I be at Novar, I be with one man, PAST IMP talk story with one man, where the word 'be' is used instead of was. The repeated use of the word 'man' indicates the wrong usage of lexis, since the creole speaker is less familiar with extensive vocabulary to use common words like 'guy' to refer to a person and therefore results in the poor usage of words or phonology differentiating the sentence from standard English. It is again noted in the sentence, 'Then one man ride come with one bike, but the man who come take me, he and the-pl DEM NEG be good' that the speaker has used two verbs consecutively. The words 'ride' and 'come' is used to communicate the arrival of a person denoting improper grammar, phonology and lexis. The speaker has used the native language in the sentence with no grammatical continuity. The sentence, 'Then the man stay at street then he IMP shout call

In what sense can we say that humans are uncomfortable with their own Essay

In what sense can we say that humans are uncomfortable with their own vision of the future and what mechanics do they use to cop - Essay Example But then, people would not consider this as the most normal attitude. In fact, the denigrating term ‘paranoid’ has often been applied to describe such individuals. Gripped in paranoia or not, the truth though is that people fear the future just as they fear the dark. This is because the future certainly has a darkness of its own. Even if people plan out in order to ensure that they gain success and happiness in the days or years to come, they are still not so sure about it. Therefore, they just do not seem to get contented with what they have done in preparation for the future. They continue to strive for means that would render them more capable for every possible challenge that the future brings. In Lauren Slater’s Dr. Daedalus, this point is well explained through the works and goals of Joe Rosen, a surgeon that dares to engage in plastic surgery not just for aesthetics but for new physical attributes to enhance the capabilities of man. Slater’s article apparently dwells on the positive effect of anticipating the future. However, fear of the future also has its negative implication. Obsessed with preparing for the future, man tends to reduce opportunities to be happy in the present. This is the argument raised by Adam Gopnik in his article Bumping into Mr. Ravioli. Both articles by Slater and Gopnik may not be entirely dwelling on the issue of the fear of the future but these can give valuable insights that point out how uncomfortable people can be with their visions of the future and how they try cope with it. People’s fear of the future is not without bases. First of all, even if the future does seem dark, there are reasons why people speculate. A number of times the speculations could be accurate, especially because of the well-developed characteristic of observing the way things and events evolve according to the law of motion. The sciences have also progressed greatly through the years, allowing people to grasp the poss ibilities based on current realities. In Dr. Daedalus, Slater discusses about the goal of Joe Rosen to develop wings for man. Slater obviously appreciates what Rosen is doing for people with deformities but even she could not help but take an ambiguous position regarding the aim of creating a winged man. Slater writes that Rosen’s â€Å"ideas of altering the human form are repugnant and delicious, and that’s a potent combination to unravel.† (321) Acknowledging the fact that man is perpetually in search of means to make life more convenient, Rosen sees the future in which the desire for easy travel is realized by having wings. This is indeed a wonderful prospect but the idea can also be absurd and even unacceptable if man also considers the body as sacred according to the tenets of his religion and traditions. Here lies one of the bases for being uncomfortable about the future; even as the future is inevitable, man simply cannot face it with an attitude devoid o f concepts that are much linked to the past. In fact, people even find it difficult to face the present in a more liberating manner because of influence or ideas that have been embedded in the mind for centuries already. The state of being busy is the sum of past and current attitudes as Gopnik explains. Gopnik writes that â€Å"busyness is felt so intently here because we are both crowded and overloaded† and that â€Å"we exit the apartment into a still dense nineteenth-century grid of street

The Art of Business in the 21st Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Art of Business in the 21st Century - Essay Example Recognizing the value of information to the 21st century business, the paper recommends the use of ERP software for business. Every enterprise strives to be profitable and dominant in its industry, but it is only those firms that continually strive to understand their areas of operation through application of industry research and innovation that eventually register significant success. Michael Porter a professor at the Harvard Business School suggests a model that can enable business to understand the key drivers or factors, which can contribute to business success and competitive advantage. Porter’s value-chain model represents a framework that can enable a business analyze specific activities, which will create value and guarantee competitive advantage. First and foremost, the business has to analyze its inbound logistics and processes that include the processes of receiving goods and raw materials, storage and inventory control as well as transportation scheduling. The bus iness must aim at bringing efficiency and effectiveness by changing and improving inbound logistic processes. It therefore calls for innovation and creativity on the part of everybody within the organization. Inbound logistics represent one side of the coin, outbound logistics, which entails all the activities necessary to get the completed product to the clients, such as warehousing, order fulfillment, transportation and distribution management, must also be looked into. Streamlining inbound and outbound processes will guarantee efficiency. Another area that the business must seek to improve on a continually basis is its operations. This includes machining, packaging, assembly, equipment maintenance, testing and any other value-creating activities that seek to transform the inputs into the finished product (Porter 3). Customers need to be aware of the existing products that the firm produces. Therefore, marketing and sales department is an indispensable part any business that wants to be profitable. Sales and marketing entails all activities related with getting buyers to buy the product including pricing, channel selection, retail management advertising, selling and promotion. The business must also look into its service delivery. Service delivery involves all activities that aim at enhancing and maintaining a product's value. This also includes customer support, repair services, management of spare parts and upgrading. In addition to service delivery, the enterprise must streamline its procurement processes. These processes include the procurement of raw materials, servicing, spare parts, buildings and machines. A successful business also takes advantage of technology. Therefore, the business must be able to budget for technology development to support the value chain activities. Technology development initiatives may include research and development, process, automation as well as design and redesign. Lastly, the general management, legal, planning managem ent, finance, accounting, quality management, public affairs, which form the firm's infrastructure must be aligned in a way so as to provide for efficient business operation. Porter also continues to argue that a business is usually affected by a number of forces that will either act positively to ensure business success or if

In what sense can we say that humans are uncomfortable with their own Essay

In what sense can we say that humans are uncomfortable with their own vision of the future and what mechanics do they use to cop - Essay Example But then, people would not consider this as the most normal attitude. In fact, the denigrating term ‘paranoid’ has often been applied to describe such individuals. Gripped in paranoia or not, the truth though is that people fear the future just as they fear the dark. This is because the future certainly has a darkness of its own. Even if people plan out in order to ensure that they gain success and happiness in the days or years to come, they are still not so sure about it. Therefore, they just do not seem to get contented with what they have done in preparation for the future. They continue to strive for means that would render them more capable for every possible challenge that the future brings. In Lauren Slater’s Dr. Daedalus, this point is well explained through the works and goals of Joe Rosen, a surgeon that dares to engage in plastic surgery not just for aesthetics but for new physical attributes to enhance the capabilities of man. Slater’s article apparently dwells on the positive effect of anticipating the future. However, fear of the future also has its negative implication. Obsessed with preparing for the future, man tends to reduce opportunities to be happy in the present. This is the argument raised by Adam Gopnik in his article Bumping into Mr. Ravioli. Both articles by Slater and Gopnik may not be entirely dwelling on the issue of the fear of the future but these can give valuable insights that point out how uncomfortable people can be with their visions of the future and how they try cope with it. People’s fear of the future is not without bases. First of all, even if the future does seem dark, there are reasons why people speculate. A number of times the speculations could be accurate, especially because of the well-developed characteristic of observing the way things and events evolve according to the law of motion. The sciences have also progressed greatly through the years, allowing people to grasp the poss ibilities based on current realities. In Dr. Daedalus, Slater discusses about the goal of Joe Rosen to develop wings for man. Slater obviously appreciates what Rosen is doing for people with deformities but even she could not help but take an ambiguous position regarding the aim of creating a winged man. Slater writes that Rosen’s â€Å"ideas of altering the human form are repugnant and delicious, and that’s a potent combination to unravel.† (321) Acknowledging the fact that man is perpetually in search of means to make life more convenient, Rosen sees the future in which the desire for easy travel is realized by having wings. This is indeed a wonderful prospect but the idea can also be absurd and even unacceptable if man also considers the body as sacred according to the tenets of his religion and traditions. Here lies one of the bases for being uncomfortable about the future; even as the future is inevitable, man simply cannot face it with an attitude devoid o f concepts that are much linked to the past. In fact, people even find it difficult to face the present in a more liberating manner because of influence or ideas that have been embedded in the mind for centuries already. The state of being busy is the sum of past and current attitudes as Gopnik explains. Gopnik writes that â€Å"busyness is felt so intently here because we are both crowded and overloaded† and that â€Å"we exit the apartment into a still dense nineteenth-century grid of street

Comparative police systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparative police systems - Essay Example ther country and while arguing the extent to which they do so is beyond the scope of the present research, the research shall, nevertheless establish this to be the case with reference to surveillance. Through a comparative analysis of the post 9/11 right to surveillance granted to either of the two states, this paper shall demonstrate that even though the USA constitutes a more critical case than the UK, the right and expectation to privacy in both countries has been critically undermined. Laws governing privacy in the United Kingdom have traditionally, and customarily, restricted the right of the state to engage in the surveillance of citizens without establishing, and arguing, a cause to do so and obtaining the necessary warrants. The Interception of Communications Act (1985) effectively disallows law enforcement, or any representative of the state, from intercepting the telephone and electronic communication of citizens unless it is first established that doing so is integral, either to national security, or for the negation of the real and immediate threat which that person, or those whom he/she communicates with, pose towards society (Lloyd, 1986). Added to that, and as Carter (2001) explains, the European Convention on Human Rights, to which the United Kingdom is subject, holds that, other than when authorized by a court following the submission of evidence which clearly shows that surveillance is necessary for the prevention of a crime or the negation of an imm ediate threat, any form of state surveillance of private citizens, constitutes both a violation of their most basic civil and human rights. In other words, the pre 9/11 and pre 7/7 situation in the United Kingdom was such that strict regulatory frameworks effectively restricted the right of the state to engage in the surveillance of its citizens. As regards the pe-9/11 situation in the United States, despite the fact that the US Constitution makes no explicit provisions for privacy, the

National Cranberry Cooperative Essay Example for Free

National Cranberry Cooperative Essay According to the data provided, there is 50 % of incoming berries which were wet harvested. In the absolute terms, this amounts to 750 bbls/h. The three drying machines can only handle 600 bbls/h altogether, meaning that 150 bbls of berries have to be stored in the bins each hour while waiting for the drying process. The second bottleneck is â€Å"located† at the separators. The three separating lines have the capacity to separate 1200 bbls/h, while there are 1350 bbls/h ready to be separated. Therefore, 150 bbls of dry berries have to be stores each hour. At the end of the day (7 PM) there are 2400 bbls wet berries waiting for drying and separating, while also 2400 bbls of dry berries still have to go through the separation process. Drying process of 2400 bbls of wet harvested berries takes 4 additional hours and is finished at 11 PM. Simultaneously the separation is in process (for the dry harvested berries). After the last 600 bbls of wet harvested berries are dried it takes additional half an hour to separate them for quality measures. Separation process is finished at 11. 30 PM. 4. When would the last truck unload and how long would it have waited? Due to the fact that the capacity of the bins is large enough for both, dry (4000 bbls) and wet (1200 bbls only wet + 2000 bbls wet dry) harvested berries to be stored before entering the production process, there is no waiting needed for the truck drivers. All the trucks are able to unload by 7PM. 5. Changes in order to improve performance (estimate the costs and benefits) Based on our analysis we propose three possible solutions that would resolve a problem of company’s bottlenecks.

Can the physical attractiveness of a defendant lead to differing sentences

Can the physical attractiveness of a defendant lead to differing sentences Abstract The purpose of the investigation was to see if the physical attractiveness of a defendant has an influence of the severity of prison sentences given for a crime of fraud. An opportunity sample consisting of 10 males and 10 females taken from sixth form students at school aged 16-18 was used. A crime vignette was given to participants with a photo of the physically attractive defendant or physically un attractive defendant attached. Participants had to state whether they thought the defendant was guilty or not guilty. Participants were then told that the defendants were found guilty and were asked to assign a prison term that they felt the defendant deserved. The Chi-Square and T-Test were used to analyse the results. Observed Value of T= 30.88: Critical value at p Project Brief PB1: The aim is to see if Sigall Ostroves (1975) findings that the physical attractiveness of a defendant and the nature of the crime can lead to differing sentences are applicable to this current time period. Alternative hypothesis: The more attractive defendant will receive a lower sentence for burglary than the less attractive defendant. Null Hypothesis: There will be no difference in length of sentences given to the attractive defendant and the non attractive defendant. PB2: A directional hypothesis is being used as past research by Sigall Ostroves (1975) has shown that physical attractiveness does have an effect on the length of a sentence giving to the defendant. PB3: The chosen research method will be experimental using an independent measures design. So each group will be tested in a different condition one group will be shown a picture with a physically attractive defendant and the other group will see a picture with a non attractive defendant. PB4: Advantages Confounding variables minimised Study is in a controlled environment so the variables can be manipulated Disadvantages No control of participant variables as due to individuals differences the participants may not find the pictures attractive. There maybe a social desirability bias as participants may put what they think is the norm or socially desirable rather than what they actually think. There maybe investigator and participant effects. PB5: Demand Characteristics Participants may respond in accordance to experimenters desired response i.e. the experimenter may influence the participant in the way in which he states the scenario of the crime or by subconscious gestures. Age Group Bias All participants are between the age of 16-18 so results may not be external valid as other age groups may have different results and respond differently. Participant Bias Participants may give into social norms and may no give there true opinion when rating. They may rate pictures higher or lower than they really feel. PB6: Single Blind The participants and the experimenter will be told that the study is on studying something other than what there doing so the participants and the experimenter wont be able to guess the aim of the study. Standardise Instructions All conditions of the study are given the same standardised instructions so investigator bias is eliminated. Social Desirability Bias The results will be anonymous and confidential, giving the chance for the participants a option to withdraw at any time so the participants may not feel the need to put what the experimenter may see as the norm. PB7: 5% level of significance PB8: Deception Not telling the participants the true nature of the study by using a single blind technique. This will be overcome by debriefing the participants at the end of the study to ensure that the participants are happy. Privacy The pictures will be taking from websites which are on public domains so anyone can access them. Informed Consent Participants will be asked if they want to participate and told the basic procedures as well i.e. giving the right to withdraw etc. Withdrawal Participants will be able to withdraw at any time during the study and will be told this throughout the study. Debrief The participants will be fully debriefed as to the true aims of the study has been completed after the study. Observation The participants will not be observed. Confidentially None of the participants names will be taken and they will not be observed during the study so the results will remain anonymous. Introduction The Halo effect (Dion Walster, 1972) is the tendency of a characteristic such as physical attractiveness to influence an individuals perception of persons qualities such as intelligence, social status and personal traits. Research has found that attractive people are attributed with more positive characteristics due to the Halo Effect. Dion Walster (1972) conducted an experiment called What is Beautiful is Good and found that individuals who are seen as physically attractive are assumed by particpants to have more socially desirable personalities than those who are less attractive, and it is also assumed that attractive individuals lives will be more successful and enjoyable than individuals who are less attractive. So attractive individuals are assumed to be more sociably desired. Dion et als (1972) findings indicate that stereotyping due to individuals physical attractiveness does occur as physical attractive individuals were regarded to have more socially desired qualities and p ersonalities, and were expected to have greater personal success in there life. These results have also been supported by Griddin Langlois (2006) and Feingold (1992) who found that unattractive people are perceived to hold more negative attributes. The Halo effect has been applied in research into other areas of society. For example in school or workplaces. As a study on attractiveness in school found by Clifford Walster (1973) and Landy Sigall (1974) found that two essays which had exactly the same content were marked differently. This was belived to be due to them having pictures of the students on the essays and the more attractive person received a higher grade even though the essays were the same. This shows that physical attractiveness does affect peoples way of thinking in real life settings. Another study has shown that the halo effect has an effect in job interviews as it has been found by Dipboye, Arvey, Terpstra, (1977) and Landy Sigall, (1974) that the more attractive individuals where more likely to get the jobs offered than the unattractive individuals even though they did the same on the tasks to get the interviews. Baron and Byrne (1997) found that attractive defendants are more likely to receive lighter sentences and gain the sympathy of the jurors rather than unattractive individuals. This is believed to be due to the Halo Effect What is beautiful is good. Sigall Ostrove (1975) also found that participants who were shown an attractive photo of a defendant charged with burglary recommend almost half the average sentence of those show no photo or an unattractive photo. Stewart (1980) also found that attractive defendants tended to receive lighter sentences and were less likely to receive prison sentences than unattractive individuals. These results were further supported by Efrans (1974) study as Efran (1974) found that juries were not as certain about the guilt of attractive defendants, and therefore gave them lighter sentences/ punishments. However it has been found that there were different factors which influence the sentence giving to an attractive individual. For example the attractivene ss of an individual didnt have much of an effect on sentences when the crime was seen as very serious. Sigall Ostrove (1975) also found that attractive defendants were charged with a higher average sentences when fraud was the crime rather than the unattractive individuals or defendant with no photo. Their results showed that when the crime committed wasnt related to physical attractiveness (e.g. burglary) the participants would give lighter sentences to the attractive defendant rather than to the unattractive defendant. In contrast when the crime was related to attractiveness (e.g. swindle), the physically attractive defendant would receive a worse sentence. The Halo Effect explains these findings in that when crimes are not related to attractiveness, the attractive participants may be seen as good due to the Halo Effect and positive stereotyping. For the physically attractive crimes the juror may feel that the attractive individuals used there attractiveness as a natural advantag e to further promote themselves in society. Fraud is regarded as deceitful and is related to attractiveness thus more attractive defendants would be punished more severely. Aim: This study will replicate Sigall Ostroves (1975) study to provide further support for previous findings see if the physical attractiveness of a defendant and the nature of the crime can lead to differing sentences in this current time period. Alternative hypothesis: The more attractive defendant will receive a lower sentence for burglary than the less attractive defendant. Null Hypothesis: There will be no difference in length of sentences given to the attractive defendant and the non attractive defendant. Method: Method and design In the experiment the IV is the physical attractiveness of the defendants and the DV was the judgement that the participants gave the photos of the physically attractive defendant and unattractive defendant i.e. guilty or not guilty. An independent group design is being used so one group of participants will be tested with the physically attractive photo of the defendant and the other group will be tested with the unattractive photo of the defendant. A questionnaire was given to the male participants so ratings of the photographs of the females could be collected and so the best voted picture would be used as the physically attractive defendant and the worse would be used for the unattractive defendant. Researchers One A level student collected data. Target population and sample An opportunity sample consisting of 10 males and 10 females taken from sixth form students at school. The students who were available at the time were asked to participate in the study. All participants took part in the study and none of them declined. Apparatus/materials Pilot Study Ten photographs were selected from the websites Hot or Not and RatePeople.com labelling them 1 10. All photographs were put on to A4 pieces of paper (one per page of paper). All photos were of passport shots so the defendants were looking straight at the camera and the defendants were between the ages of 20-40. This was controlled so the participants view of the defendants didnt change due to the pose the defendant was doing or because they thought the defendant was to old and frail to go to jail or to young etc. There was as little jewellery or clothing in the pictures as possible so it wouldnt distort the participants view on the pictures as it may make the participant think the defendants were more or less attractive in the photos creating extraneous variable so this was done so it was only the defendants attractiveness being taken into account. Main Study In the main study a scenario was given to participants (see Appendix 1) and the participants had to state whether they thought the defendant was guilty or not on the participant response sheet (see Appendix 2). Two photos were used in the main study from the pilot study (the best rated photo and the worst rated photo) which were used as defendants. The best voted picture was used as the physically attractive defendant and the worse was used for the unattractive defendant. An example of one of the photographs use is shown in Appendix 3. Standardised procedures Pilot Study The participants were taken into different rooms when completing the task so they werent distracted from other students. The standardised instructions (see Appendix 4) were read to participants and consent was given. Male participants were shown the photographs of the females, and the females were shown the photographs of the men. The participants were asked to rate each of the photographs on a scale of 1 10, with 10 being most attractive and 1 being not very attractive. The participants wrote their ratings on some paper with spaces for the ratings for the 10 photographs No names were asked for. An example of a participant response is shown in Appendix 5. Main Study The best rated photo and the worst rated photo were than used as defendants. The best voted picture was used as the physically attractive defendant and the worse was used for the unattractive defendant. A different set of participants where given scenarios and asked if they would give a sentence to the defendant given to them and told to right down there answer on the participant response sheet. One group was given the physically attractive photo whereas the other group was given the unattractive photo. Participants after the task were thanked and debriefed (see Appendix 6). Controls Investigator bias was minimised by using standardised instructions. The Single blind technique was used so researcher bias, participant bias and demand characteristic were avoided by asking someone else to observe the participants during the task and telling the observer not to look at the participants while theyre doing the task to avoid participant reactivity. Participant bias was avoided by telling the participants to rate members of a opposite sex because the males may find it more difficult men in terms of physical attractiveness. Ethics Informed consent was gained as participants were given standardised instructions and told that they had the right to withdraw at any time and that their answers would remain anonymous. There was minor deception as the participants werent told the aim of the study but this was dealt with as the participants were debriefed at the end of the study. The ethical issue of using photos of people without there consent was dealt with as the photos used were put on websites where the people want there photos to be rated thus are available to the public. Results: Descriptive Statistics Summary table of the data to show the total number of guilty verdicts given to physically attractive and physically non-attractive defendants. Participants had to state whether they found the defendant given to them guilty or not guilty. A bar chart was drawn to display the results visually. The raw data given is in Appendix 7. The Sentences Given To The Defendants Physically Attractive Physically Non-Attractive Guilty 7 8 Not Guilty 3 2 Bar chart to show the difference between the number of guilty verdicts given to attractive and non-attractive defendants in getting sentences or not. Summary table of the data to show mean prison sentences in months awarded to the attractive and non-attractive defendants by the participants. A bar chart was drawn to display the results visually. The raw data given is in Appendix 7. The Mean Length Of The Sentences Given To The Defendants Physically Attractive Physically Non-Attractive Average 21.9 Months = 1.8 Years 63.6 Months = 5.3 Years Bar chart to show the difference in the length of sentences given to the attractive and physically non-attractive defendants. Results: Inferential Statistics The Chi-Square Test and T-Test were used to analyse the results. The Chi-Square Test was appropriate for the data at a nominal level of measurement in a from of categories and the data collected from independent measures. Chi Square = 0.26 Degrees of freedom = 1 Critical value at p As the observed value of chi-square was smaller than the critical value at a 5% level of significance, we cannot reject the null hypothesis and so it must be retained. The T-Test was appropriate for the data that was at a interval level of measurement in the form of numerical data as the data collected was from independent measures. Observed value of T = 30.88 Degrees of freedom = 1 Critical value at p As the observed value of T is higher than the critical value of T at a 5% level of significance the null hypothesis can be rejected. Discussion Explanation of findings The findings of this investigation found that the physical attractiveness of a defendant can lead to differing sentences. Overall the physically attractive defendant received a lighter sentence than the physically unattractive defendant. The T-Test was significant at the 0.05 level of significance supporting the assumption that the Halo effect will effect peoples views on whether a defendant is guilty or innocent. Relationship to background research There has been lots of research into whether the physical attractiveness can influence an individuals perception of persons qualities. Early research such as Stewart (1980) found that attractive defendants tended to receive lighter sentences and were less likely to receive prison sentences than unattractive individuals. Baron and Byrne (1997) also found that attractive defendants are more likely to receive lighter sentences and gain the sympathy of the jurors rather than unattractive individuals. This study supports these earlier findings and in addition shows that this bias can lead to differing prison sentences being awarded to defendants even when the crime committed is the same. This could be due to the halo effect which gives the tendency of a characteristic such as physical attractiveness to influence an individuals perception of persons qualities such as intelligence, social status and personal traits. This creates beautiful stereotypes which doesnt fit with the criminal stereotype such as scars, looking dirty etc. Although the results could be because the participants generally believed that the physically attractive defendant was guilty and the physically unattractive defendant wasnt. Limitations and modifications The study lacks ecological validity as in real life the participants would be in a jury and so there would be a discussion between 12 people of varying ages on what the punishment the defendant should receive. In this experiment 6th form students were used aged between 16-18 and they made the decisions on there own rather than discussing the defendants punishment. To improve this a simulated jury could be used where the experimenter asks 12 participants to act as a jury and discuss the sentence. Due to the participant sample used there was an sample bias as the study was on an opportunity sample of 6th form students. So the results can not be generalised to the whole population. There may have also been a problem due to demand characteristics as participants may have guessed the aims of the study and may have known what results were expected and answered accordingly. Another limitation of the study was that the experimenter knew the participants, so this may have lead the participants to write down what they thought the normal answer would be and not what they actually thought. So there may have been an social desirability bias. This could be dealt with by using a different target population and sample. Another limitation of this study is that some participants didnt find the unattractive defendant guilty as they didnt believe that she would be able to get people into bed and so voted her not guilty. Some participants also stated that they didnt believe that there as enough evidence to charge the defendants. Another limitation of the study was individual differences as the study used independent measure design and some participants said they found the unattractive defendant guilty as they didnt like her whereas some participants said they found the attractive defendant guilty as she was attractive whereas some said it was because she looked more promiscuous. Another way to make future results more reliable is to do the study again but make the participants be in groups of 12 like a real jury and see if the same results are found. This will be more reliable as in a real life juries would discuss the punishment before given defendants sentences. Implications and ideas for future research To make the results more reliable a larger sample size could be used as this would mean that more data could be analysed and this may leads to different results. Also a different age range may also lead to different results as the older people may take it more seriously. The important implications of this research shows that there is a bias in sentences given to defendants and to get rid of this bias juries may have to make there decisions by just looking at the research and maybe not be able to see the defendant in court as theres a screen in front of them and there voice is changed.

The Work of Jean Piaget Essay example -- psychology education genetic

The Work of Jean Piaget Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, was a pioneer in the field of developmental psychology. He developed many fields of science, but is recognised primarily for his contribution to the field of genetic epistemology (the theory of knowledge). He believed that there was a biological explanation for the development of knowledge, and that children had their own processes of learning, and their thought processes were separate and distinct from adults. He developed a broad theory, based on his studies of children, which described four main stages in the learning process. He began studying children and the development of knowledge when he moved to Paris and began working on the Simon-Binet intelligence study, and this was the foundation for his later work. His work with children was a major part of his life up until his death, in 1980. Piaget's theory forms the basis of many educational principles used in the present day, and has greatly expanded our understanding of the way in which knowledge is acquired. He believed that children created their own theories of the world, and were constantly testing those theories, in order to develop their understanding of the world. This was in direct contrast to the generally-held belief at that time that children should be taught by rote, that simple repetition would ensure knowledge and that children were merely 'empty vessels waiting to be filled'[1]. Although there has been some criticism of his method and interpretation from other psychologists, there is general acceptance of the four cognitive periods outlined in his theory and his work has inspired further in-depth resear... ...s in the field of human intelligence today. Bibliography: Books ===== An Introduction to Piaget, P.G. Richmond, 1970 Routledge (London) Jean Piaget: Psychologist of the Real, Brian Rotman, 1977 Harvester Press(Sussex) Internet ======== www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html www.dmu.ac.uk/~jamesa/learning/piaget.htm www.uea.ac.uk/menu/acad_depts/edu/learn/morphett/piaget.htm www.indiana.edu/~intell/piaget.shtml www.piaget.org/aboutpiaget.htm --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html [2] An Introduction to Piaget, P.G. Richmond, 1970 Routledge (London), p. 65. [3] Ibid, p. 12 [4] Ibid, p.53. [5] Rose and Blank (1974) and Samuel and Bryant (1984) The Work of Jean Piaget Essay example -- psychology education genetic The Work of Jean Piaget Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, was a pioneer in the field of developmental psychology. He developed many fields of science, but is recognised primarily for his contribution to the field of genetic epistemology (the theory of knowledge). He believed that there was a biological explanation for the development of knowledge, and that children had their own processes of learning, and their thought processes were separate and distinct from adults. He developed a broad theory, based on his studies of children, which described four main stages in the learning process. He began studying children and the development of knowledge when he moved to Paris and began working on the Simon-Binet intelligence study, and this was the foundation for his later work. His work with children was a major part of his life up until his death, in 1980. Piaget's theory forms the basis of many educational principles used in the present day, and has greatly expanded our understanding of the way in which knowledge is acquired. He believed that children created their own theories of the world, and were constantly testing those theories, in order to develop their understanding of the world. This was in direct contrast to the generally-held belief at that time that children should be taught by rote, that simple repetition would ensure knowledge and that children were merely 'empty vessels waiting to be filled'[1]. Although there has been some criticism of his method and interpretation from other psychologists, there is general acceptance of the four cognitive periods outlined in his theory and his work has inspired further in-depth resear... ...s in the field of human intelligence today. Bibliography: Books ===== An Introduction to Piaget, P.G. Richmond, 1970 Routledge (London) Jean Piaget: Psychologist of the Real, Brian Rotman, 1977 Harvester Press(Sussex) Internet ======== www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html www.dmu.ac.uk/~jamesa/learning/piaget.htm www.uea.ac.uk/menu/acad_depts/edu/learn/morphett/piaget.htm www.indiana.edu/~intell/piaget.shtml www.piaget.org/aboutpiaget.htm --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html [2] An Introduction to Piaget, P.G. Richmond, 1970 Routledge (London), p. 65. [3] Ibid, p. 12 [4] Ibid, p.53. [5] Rose and Blank (1974) and Samuel and Bryant (1984)

Push and pull strategy of Motorola Essay

Push Examples of companies are a) For example, Motorola use a push strategy to make arrangements with large mobile phone providers, such as Sprint, Verizon and AT&T, who can advertise phones directly to consumers. Businesses can promote products to wholesalers and vendors through trade shows, contacting local retailers and providing attractive packaging and point of sale displays to convince consumers to buy. b) Second is Nokia, Nokia promote their products via retailers such as Carphone Warehouse. Personal selling and trade promotions are often the most effective promotional tools for companies like Nokia. For example, Nokia offering subsidies on the handsets to encourage retailers to sell higher volumes. Pros: 1. To develop this kind of positioning, all one has to do is look at the competition’s literature and come up with positioning that seems sufficiently different from the alternatives. Potentially saves time because it can be done without speaking to customers. Maybe a good first step in developing a go-to-market strategy. 2. Using a push strategy usually costs less money and draws more business, because companies negotiate with large vendors. For example, a producer selling a product to Walmart can receive most of its business from a single retail outlet, allowing the business to focus on its product manufacturing and supply chain while worrying less about its relationship with customers. Cons: 1. The competition may have it all wrong and have no idea about what customers really want, so trying to work around the competition’s messaging may be pointless, since they all have it wrong anyways-and company probably do too since the company haven’t spoken to any customers 2. Push strategies can rely too heavily upon large vendors, which limit a business’ pricing and flexibility when selling a product. For example, a large producer like Walmart may dictate the price at which the business can sell its products. Pull Examples of companies are a) A good example of a pull is the heavy advertising and promotion of children’s’ toys, Toyrus. Consumers will go to ToyRUs and ask for a toy that was advertised on the television, and then ToyRus will ask the wholesalers who will then ask the producers about the product and meet the demand. b) Second example is car manufacturing company, Ford Australia. Ford Australia only produces cars when they have been ordered by the customers. Applied to that portion of the supply chain where demand uncertainty is high production and distribution are demand driven no inventory, response to specific orders point of sale data comes in handy when shared with supply chain partners decrease in lead time difficult to implement Pros: 1. Removing Pressure. One of the primary attractions for pull marketing is to mitigate the pressure of conducting outbound marketing. Marketers do not need to actively persuade customers that they need the product; customers are naturally drawn to it. 2. A pull strategy can create large demand for products in a short time, especially if a new business has difficulty building up market share for its products. Businesses can easily solicit customer feedback on how to improve products. Also, dealing directly with customers enables businesses to cut out retailing middlemen. Cons: 1. Requires extensive customer interactions to identify the things that customers feel are the differentiated features of the product. It is difficult to done to get customer interaction. 2. Advertising expenses can be costly with a pull strategy, unless a business gets lucky with a viral marketing campaign. Building a brand can take years and cost millions before customers become loyal to a product line.

Warwick Thornton Essay

The films Samson and Delilah and Nana are both produced and directed by an Australian film maker named Warwick Thornton. He is renowned for the techniques he uses that reflect the director's personal creative vision during the films. This approach in film making is known as the auteur theory. Warwick Thornton directed Nana which is a short film in 2007 that includes the same character named Nana viewers see In his latter movie.He then continues on in 2009 where he directed Samson and Delilah, a full length feature film that debuted In the Cannes Film Festival. In both his films he displays the hardships faced by native Aboriginal Australians, especially the children, who suffer in and out of their communities and are normalized in society. They are also shown to rarely receive help from the government or community members. There are many similarities between the films that show a connection and bring upon Thorn's techniques in film making, such as the camera work, music/soundtrack an d lighting.These similarities highlight Thorn's producing and directing style that bring his own creative â€Å"voice† wrought both of the films. In both films music is shown to be a fundamental part of the day to day routines of the protagonists. At the beginning of the opening scene of Samson and Delilah, the song, Sunshiny Day by Charlie Pride is a country love song that suggests love can make living in a bleak and gloomy environment better. The audience Is also shown this technique present In Nana when the film begins with a cheerful and lively soundtrack while Nana Is preparing a meal.Both films have an upbeat and cheerful tone to Its background music that shows how Aboriginals ho barely have anything in life due to their isolation and poor living conditions suggest that they are still happy with their lives, especially Nana who barely has anything in her kitchen is still managing to make a meal. However as both films begin to progress through their scenes with the use o f music and background noise the viewer Is shown the problems faced in Aboriginal communities.Viewers are shown this through the use of Thornton hand held camera which he shot both of the inure film with. This use of camera work makes the viewers feel that they are part of the cone and feeling connected to the characters. In Samson and Delilah, Samson wakes up and sniffs petrol which shows the problems and addictions young people face in these Aboriginal societies. The lack of education and absence of parents who do not direct them to the right path in life attracts youths into drug and alcohol use which in many cases leads to the abuse of such substances.Even though there Is limited dialogue throughout the film between characters Warwick Thornton uses music and ambient noises as a form of a language. A reoccurring theme/issue in both films is he exploitation of Aboriginal people and their skills, mainly with their artistic work. Delilah grandmother, Kitty, is a famous Aboriginal pa inter but is exploited by members of the White Australian community. The lack of awareness faced by Aboriginals regarding the real potential and value of their paintings shows the viewers that Aboriginal painters could be far wealthier but their lack of knowledge Is conditions.The viewer is shown this form of exploitation when Delilah enters an art gallery in Alice Springs and see's one of Nana's paintings selling for $22,000, when in act a man only paid $200 to Nana in return of her painting. Kitty's painting is their main source of income that helps them pay for the goods and luxuries bought from the local convenience store and medicine from the hospital for Nana's well being. Although Kitty paints for a source of income she also does it to pass on knowledge and tradition down to Delilah as it is a way that educates and teaches her the traditions, history and culture of the Aboriginals.This form of knowledge is usually passed down orally or with the use of storytelling in the Abor iginal communities and lays a crucial role in educating younger generations and maintaining the survival of Aboriginal culture. Viewers explicitly see this happen in both in Samson and Delilah and Nana, where the elder is shown to be teaching younger community members with the aids of storytelling and painting. In Nana, the little girl's grandmother is shown numerous times to be painting together with her.Another theme which is present in both films is love, how it is a strong and powerful force that helps individuals get past the oppression and miseries faced in life. The director uses this hem to show how the characters develop a special bond and care for one and other. In Nana, the little girl's grandmother looks after her and embraces her as one of her own children. â€Å"l love my Nana, she makes me feeds when I'm hungry' this quote Justifies and supports how Nana is a loving care taker.This theme also exists in Samson and Delilah when Samson is shown hunting for a Kangaroo an d bringing it back to Delilah as he wants to show his care towards Delilah and would like to present a kind gesture. Another example of this theme is shown in the scene where Delilah grandmother passes away. When Nana passes away, Delilah is held responsible and is punished, as this is a custom in Aboriginal culture and tradition.After a period of respecting Delilah grief, Samson is driven and compelled to step into her emotional breach and in his own way protects Delilah from the isolation and rejection of the community as the members believe she is to blame for Nana's death. Love is heavily present in this scene as Samson physically steps out of his comfort zone to save Delilah and turn their backs on the community. Not only love is shown y Samson but Delilah as well. She is portrayed as a savoir due to the film techniques that present her to be such.She is purposely dressed in white and having car headlights shine behind her when Samson is looking up at Delilah, viewers are shown this by point of view camera techniques Thornton uses to show Gammon's view. This style symbolizes her as being an angel who came to save and â€Å"cleanse† Samson when he was close to suicide due to his petrol sniffing addiction. Delilah comes back to save Samson because in the end they both ultimately love each other. Both Samson and Delilah and Nana show the harsh and hard ways in which isolated Aboriginals live.Thorn's directing style brings upon his own creative voice that helps the audience to understand the issues present that Australians tend to ignore and turn a â€Å"blind eye† towards. Even if some aspects in the film may feel unintentional, nothing in Warwick Thorn's films are there by accident. Every technique, camera work, lighting and soundtrack is there to make viewers feel connected and understand the films that bring upon the truth of what Aboriginals Thorn's directing style which makes him an auteur theorist.

Functions of Secondary Market

Functions of Secondary Market: The secondary market provides an organized place and the mechanism for trading in securities. They also ensure that the deals struck in the stock are fair and within the framework of law. The efficient functioning of the stock exchange creates a conductive climate for an active and growing primary market for new issues. An active and healthy secondary market in existing securities leads to better psychology of expectations; considerable broadening of investment enquiries renders the task of raising resources by entrepreneurs easier.Good performance and outlook for equities in the stock exchanges imparts buoyancy to the new issue market. The good stock exchange facilities the following important activities in the economy of a country: i. Favorable climate for growth of primary market ii. Widening of investment opportunities for the investor iii. Improving availability of resources for the business enterprises iv. Buoyancy in new issues v. Increasing conf idence among the players of the market Important functions 1.Provide a continuous market: It is the important objective of the secondary market to ensure stability in price as the trading activity progresses. The stock market achieves this aim by providing a continuous market infrastructure to the investor, thereby ensuring liquidity in the market. Some important characteristics of a continuous market are: i. Frequency of trades; ii. Small spread between bid and ask prices; iii. Immediate execution of order; iv. Change in price being minimum as the transaction takes place; The enefits of continuous market are that it creates marketable liquid investments and facilitates collateral lending. 2. Frequency of sales: A market will be liquid only when a buyer/ seller can find seller/buyer. If there are no buyers/sellers for some securities or there is long wait before a buyer/ seller can find counterparty, such market are called illiquid markets. The primary criterion for a good market is whether investors can sell their portfolio holding quickly with minimal price fluctuation at the time of sale.Liquidity occupies a central place in evaluating the efficiency of exchange. The market should have three important dimensions of liquidity. They are: i. Depth ii. Breadth iii. Resilience Depth refers to the situation wherein buy and sell orders are available at the quoted price for the desired quantity. If it is not available, then the market is termed as shallow market. The number of the transaction or the number of orders determines the breadth of the market. Otherwise the market is known as thin.The response to orders to changes in price reflects the resilience of the market. 3. Empirical measurement of liquidity: Empirically, liquidity is measured by the number of days a company’s share is traded, out of the number of days in the year, when the market is open. The number of days particular share is being traded reflects the liquidity of the market. If it is trad ed actively 50%of the days when the market is open, then it is termed as liquid. The variation in price of the share from one trading day to another also determines the liquidity of the share.If the difference between the lowest asked(or offered) price and highest bid-price is wide, the market is said to lack depth and considered shallow. Actually bid- asked spread is an inverse measure of liquidity. ‘ Tick’ as the minimum difference in rates between two orders on the same side i. e. , buy or sell entered on the system for a scrip. Trading in scrips listed on BSE is done with the size of 5 paise, it is 1 paise, in case of mutual funds and others to encourage orders at finer rates and improve liquidity.In United states, variation of one –eighth point in the price from the immediate trade is considered liquid. In our country, the minimum tick start from 0. 25. 4. Fair price determination: The prices in the stock market are determined by the interplay of the forces of supply and demand. When the prices are going up, it is termed as bull phase and when the prices are going down, it is termed as bear phase. As seen earlier active, bidding and two-way auction trading takes place in the stock exchange. The result is as near a market for free trading and free competition, as can be found anywhere.The bargains that are struck are at the fairest price, determined by the basic laws of supply and demand. At time large scale speculator activities raise the price of the share. But such activities are ephemeral in nature. There is no fundamental relationship between book value, par value and market value of share, because the share price may experience a boom if there is large scale investment from an individual or mutual fund company and also during such period too much money chases a few shares.The performance of the stock exchange is also subject to speculation, which at times, drives up the prices above the investment worth and at others, below it. Un der the normal circumstances, one would leave the situation to the forces of the market- what the buyers and sellers willing to bid and to offer. But in India, conscious policy is adopted to make shares attractive to the foreign institutional investors who evaluates our market, in relation to the other emerging markets. The stabilization of the stock market prices around a reasonable level would be desirable. . Aid to Financing Activities: Listed company finds it helpful to sell further issues of their shares in the primary market based on the good performance of their earlier ones. An active market and the good market price’s for the company’s shares makes the task of raising funds through further issues easier. This facilitates the company to command good price for the subsequent primary issue in the market. Rights themselves have an immediate and a wide market in the stock exchanges, provided the price including the premium reflects a fair price.Thus the stock excha nges enable a company to market further issues successfully by creating a continuous market for the rights. 6. Other allied functions: * The market prices established in the stock exchange trading are useful for tax purpose. * The stipulation on disclosure and transparency ensures that the investors have access to information on the listed companies, particularly with regards to their financial condition. * It serves to protect the investor’s interest by eliminating the dishonest and irregular practices rampant in the brokerage trade. To ensure a measure of safety and fair dealing to protect investors interest. * To provide the instant valuation of securities caused by changes in the internal environment. * To induce companies to improve performance since the market price at the stock exchanges reflects the performance and this market price is readily available to investors. * Secondary marketing is vital to an efficient and modern capital market. * In the secondary market, s ecurities are sold by and transferred from one investor or speculator to another. * Risk management